Botulinum Toxins
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Botulinum Toxins (BOTOX, DYSPORT, MYOBLOC and XEOMIN) - 10/13
Botulinum is a family of toxins produced by the anaerobic organism Clostridia botulinum. There are seven distinct serotypes designated as type A, B, C-1, D, E, F, and G. In the United States, four preparations of botulinum are commercially available, three using type A serotype and one using type B. The three formulations of botulinum toxin type A are onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX), abobotulinumtox...
متن کاملGangliosides are the binding substances in neural cells for tetanus and botulinum toxins in mice.
We used the knockout mice lacking gangliosides and evaluated their response to tetanus and botulinum toxins. We found that tetanus toxin and botulinum type A or B toxin was less toxic in the knockout mice. We conclude that the toxins bind to the gangliosides on the synapses in the initial step of intoxication prior to penetration of the toxins into the neural cells.
متن کاملDual toxin-producing strain of Clostridium botulinum type Bf isolated from a California patient with infant botulism.
A retrospective study of Clostridium botulinum strains isolated from patients from California with infant botulism identified the fourth known C. botulinum strain that produces both type B and type F botulinum toxins. This unique strain represented 0.12% of the California infant botulism case isolates from 1976 to 2003. The relative concentrations of type B and F toxins produced were temperatur...
متن کاملThe story of Clostridium botulinum: from food poisoning to Botox.
In the last fifty years, Clostridium botulinum has become notorious for its ability to produce the deadly botulinum neurotoxins. While botulinum toxin A, better known as Botox, is universally recognised by the public as a cosmetic enhancement tool, the botulinum neurotoxins are commonly used off-label for many medical conditions in ophthalmology, neurology and dermatology. The versatility of th...
متن کاملCosmetic uses of botulinum toxin A
The cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin (BoNT) are the most commonly used of its applications. Interest started after the effect of BoNT was shown in the treatment of blepharospasm and the first description of botulinum toxin for treatment of glabellar frown lines was in 1992. At that time, the use of this potent neurotoxin for cosmetic indications was an interesting footnote to treatments for str...
متن کاملEntering neurons: botulinum toxins and synaptic vesicle recycling.
Botulinum toxins are metalloproteases that act inside nerve terminals and block neurotransmitter release through their cleavage of components of the exocytosis machinery. These toxins are used to treat human diseases that are characterized by hyperfunction of cholinergic terminals. Recently, evidence has accumulated that gangliosides and synaptic vesicle proteins cooperate to mediate toxin bind...
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